Numerous recent catastrophic disasters have underscored the need to better plan and manage regional traffic associated with mass evacuations. The proposed model is applied within a simulation-based framework to assess the tsunami evacuation risk assessment for Seaside, Oregon. In addition, several different population sizes are used to model population mobility and its impact on tsunami evacuation risk. A novel and more realistic multi-modal evacuation model is proposed that explicitly considers the pedestrian–vehicle interaction, walking speed variability, and speed adjustment for both the pedestrian and car according to traffic density. Uncertainties in seismic damages to all links in the transportation network as well as uncertainties in other evacuation parameters are explicitly modeled and considered. To address the above limitations, this study proposes a novel and more realistic agent-based tsunami evacuation model for tsunami evacuation simulation and risk assessment. Also, pedestrian–vehicle interaction is usually neglected in the multi-modal evacuation. Usually, only single traffic mode (e.g., on foot or by car) is considered, while pedestrian speed adjustment and multi-modal evacuation (e.g., on foot and by car) are not considered concurrently. These simplifications may lead to inaccurate estimation of evacuation risk. Typically a relatively small population (i.e., evacuees) is considered (due to computational challenges) while neglecting population mobility. For example, uncertainties in seismic damages to the transportation network are not probabilistically considered (e.g., by simply removing the damaged links (roads/bridges) from the network). However, existing models usually neglect or simplify some important factors and/or mechanisms in tsunami evacuation. agents and the agents’ interactions with the environment. Agent-based modeling is ideal for tsunami evacuation simulation due to its capability of capturing the emergent phenomena and modeling the individual-level interactions among. Realistic evacuation simulation can provide valuable information for accurate evacuation risk assessment and effective evacuation planning. Tsunami evacuation is an effective way to save lives from the near-field tsunami.
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